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EM Evidence Rundown — Issue 7 (Final)

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EM Evidence Rundown

UK EDITION | ISSUE 7 | WEEK OF 16 APRIL 2026

Jake Turner

Curated with the assistance of AI (Perplexity). All content editorially reviewed.

This week: HSSIB exposes the legal void at the heart of mental health crisis care in EDs — staff are “choosing the least harmful way to break the law.” The STRATIFY and STORM-PE trials deal a major blow to catheter-directed thrombolysis programmes. The SWiFT trial reports from 10 UK HEMS services: prehospital whole blood performs no better than components. Plus: the first-ever RCT on blood pressure targets in acute spinal cord injury (with a meaningful safety signal), the mandatory JournalFeed sepsis bundle paper, and a Core Revision on VBG interpretation.

Sources this week: HSSIB • NHS England • RCEM • UKHSA • MHRA • JournalFeed • EMCrit • The Resus Room • SGEM • REBEL EM • First10EM • St Emlyn's • DFTB • The Bottom Line • PubMed

CHANGE PRACTICE Evidence requires action FRCEM Exam-relevant PAEDS Paediatric EM UK

UK-specific

CONTENTS

1. Guidelines & UK Updates2. Key Journal Articles & Trials
3. Paediatric EM4. FOAMed & Critical Appraisal
5. Quick Hits / Also Notable6. Action Points
7. Core Revision: VBG Interpretation8. Trials to Watch

GUIDELINES & UK UPDATES

CHANGE PRACTICE UK FRCEM

HSSIB: Mental Health Crisis Care — The Legal Void in EDs

HSSIB • Interim Investigation Report 1 of 2 • 9 April 2026 • hssib.org.uk

HSSIB has published its first interim investigation report into mental health crisis care in EDs, confirming what many clinicians have known for years: there is no clear legal power to detain a patient in mental health crisis in the ED while awaiting a Mental Health Act assessment. Staff told investigators they are “choosing the least harmful way to break the law.”

Around 3% of all ED attendances (~9,000 per week in England) are mental health-related. These patients are twice as likely to wait 12 or more hours than other ED attendees. The report makes two formal safety recommendations: DHSC must urgently review legislative gaps and clarify lawful powers for detention; CQC must produce a position statement on existing legal powers and staff expectations. A second report covering service capacity and longer-term findings is expected summer 2026.

Why it matters: Every ED doctor in England is practising daily in a legal grey area when managing mental health patients. This report does not change current practice — but it does provide formal recognition and creates a documented obligation on DHSC and CQC to act. Know these recommendations; document your clinical rationale carefully.

UK

NHS England March 2026 A&E Data: 64.1% Type 1, 135,000+ Twelve-Hour Waits

NHS England • March 2026 data published 16 April 2026 • england.nhs.uk • RCEM response: rcem.ac.uk

The best Type 1 4-hour performance since summer 2021 — but RCEM warns this is driven by a financial incentive scheme (trusts competing for a share of £80m) rather than structural improvement. Bed occupancy at 93.7% leaves no capacity buffer; 13,554 beds per day are occupied by patients medically fit for discharge. The corridor care data collection programme (new official definition: ≥45 minutes in a clinically inappropriate area) began in March 2026; trust-level data will be published from May 2026.

In Scotland, February 2026 saw a record 7,967 patients (1 in 13) waiting 12+ hours — nearly 5-fold the 2019 equivalent. RCEM Scotland has called on all parties in the upcoming Scottish elections to prioritise emergency care.

KEY JOURNAL ARTICLES & TRIALS

CHANGE PRACTICE FRCEM

STRATIFY + STORM-PE: Catheter-Directed Thrombolysis Offers Nothing Over Peripheral IV

First10EM • 13 April 2026 • STRATIFY: PMID 41610160, Cardiovascular Research 2026 • STORM-PE: PMID 41183181, Circulation 2026

n=210

STRATIFY

STRATIFY (n=210, multicentre RCT) randomised intermediate-risk PE patients to LMWH alone, LMWH plus ultrasound-assisted catheter-directed thrombolysis (20mg alteplase over 6h), or LMWH plus the same alteplase dose given peripherally. Thrombus burden reduction was identical between the two thrombolysis arms. The catheter added nothing. More strikingly, the heparin-alone group had 0% 3-month mortality vs 4.3% in the thrombolysis groups (p not significant, but the trend is sobering).

STORM-PE (n=100, industry-funded) compared computer-assisted vacuum thrombectomy vs anticoagulation alone; 2 deaths occurred in the device arm vs 0 in controls. Justin Morgenstern's verdict: no-one should be using this device outside a clinical trial.

Why it matters: NHS PERT (Pulmonary Embolism Response Team) programmes are expanding and catheter-directed therapy for intermediate-high risk PE is being commissioned. These two RCTs suggest that if thrombolysis is warranted, the peripheral IV route is equivalent — and the catheter adds procedural risk and cost without benefit. This evidence directly challenges NHS procurement decisions and PERT team expansion.

Full analysis: First10EM • PulmCrit STRATIFY: emcrit.org/pulmcrit/stratify/

UK FRCEM

SWiFT Trial: Prehospital Whole Blood No Better Than Component Therapy in UK Trauma

NEJM • 17 March 2026 • PMID 41841706 • The Resus Room Papers of April 2026 • St Emlyn's • First10EM

Pragmatic phase 3 RCT across 10 English HEMS services (NHS Blood and Transplant, 19 hospitals). Patients randomised to up to 2 units of prehospital whole blood or up to 2 units each of red cells and plasma. Primary composite outcome (death or massive transfusion ≥10 units within 24h): 48.7% vs 47.7% — no difference. Mortality was similar at all timepoints. Prothrombin time was more often abnormal in the whole blood group (40.7% vs 30.5%), suggesting relative factor advantage with separate FFP administration.

Logistical advantages of whole blood (easier storage, single product, potentially better in urban areas where scene times are short) remain relevant even without a mortality benefit. The key message: rapid haemorrhage control and minimising scene time matter more than which blood product is given.

The Resus Room Papers of April 2026: theresusroom.co.uk

FRCEM UK

Timely Antibiotics and Fluid Resuscitation: More Sepsis Patients Home

JournalFeed • journalfeed.org • Prescott et al. Chest. 2026 Mar 13. PMID 41833809

Large retrospective cohort examining whether Hour-1 Bundle compliance (antibiotics within 1 hour; 30 mL/kg fluid bolus within 3 hours) was associated with the patient-centred outcome of discharge to home. Timely antibiotics were associated with a 3.0 percentage point increase in discharge to home; timely fluids with a 1.1 percentage point increase — both statistically significant in adjusted analyses.

The effect sizes are modest and the study is observational (confounding remains possible), but this provides the outcome-level justification for Sepsis 6 and NICE NG51 bundle compliance that quality improvement teams need. Notably, timely fluids were associated with improved discharge to home but not with a reduction in in-hospital mortality conditional on hospital survival — suggesting a functional recovery benefit distinct from survival.

UK context: This directly supports the UKST Sepsis 6 bundle and NICE NG51 Hour-1 recommendations. Consider using these numbers in departmental Sepsis 6 compliance presentations and audit meetings.

CHANGE PRACTICE FRCEM

Blood Pressure Targets in Acute Spinal Cord Injury: First-Ever RCT Shows Safety Signal Against Augmented MAP

First10EM • 6 April 2026 • Sajdeya et al. JAMA Network Open. 2025 Sep. PMID 40965887

n=92

13 US TRAUMA CENTRES

The first-ever RCT on BP targets in acute cervical/thoracic spinal cord injury. 92 patients randomised to augmented MAP target (>85–90 mmHg for 7 days) vs conventional (MAP 65–70 mmHg). No significant difference in neurological recovery at 6 months. However, the augmented group had significantly more respiratory complications (78% vs 39%), driven by higher rates of pneumonia (45% vs 25%) and pulmonary oedema (22% vs 7%), and spent approximately 1 additional day on mechanical ventilation.

The trial was underpowered and stopped early, so definitive conclusions cannot be drawn. However, the safety signal against augmented MAP is important: many UK spinal and neurosurgical units currently target MAP >85 mmHg based on consensus opinion alone. This

RCT does not prove harm from augmented MAP, but it shifts the burden of evidence against it.

Clinical message: Pending larger trials, conventional MAP targets (65–70 mmHg) should be the default for acute SCI in the ED. If you are considering augmented MAP, discuss explicitly with the neurosurgical/spinal team and document the rationale.

FRCEM

Preoxygenation for Critical Illness: NIPPV Outperforms HFNC and Facemask

REBEL EM • 13 April 2026 • Pitre et al. Lancet Respir Med. 2025;13(7):585–596. PMID 40127663 • rebelem.com

Network meta-analysis of 15 RCTs (3,420 patients) comparing HFNC, NIPPV, and facemask oxygen for pre-intubation preoxygenation. NIPPV likely reduces peri-intubation hypoxaemia compared to both HFNC and facemask. No significant difference in first-attempt success or mortality across strategies. No evidence of increased aspiration risk with NIPPV. Consistent with post-PREOXI trial messaging: if NIPPV is available and tolerated, it should be the preferred strategy for hypoxaemic patients requiring intubation.

Full analysis: rebelem.com

PAEDIATRIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE

CHANGE PRACTICE PAEDS FRCEM

Paediatric Drowning Cardiac Arrest: Compression-Only CPR Associated with Worse Outcomes

JournalFeed EM SpeedRead • Obara et al. Resuscitation. 2026 Mar 10. PMID 41819340

CCO CPR ↑‡

MORTALITY IN DROWNING

Rescue breathing = key

NATIONWIDE 2012–2023 DATA

Nationwide retrospective analysis of paediatric out-of-hospital cardiac arrest due to drowning in Japan (2012–2023). Compression-only CPR was associated with significantly higher mortality and worse neurological outcomes compared to standard CPR including rescue breaths. This contrasts with adult non-drowning cardiac arrest, where CCO CPR is comparable to standard CPR for shockable rhythms.

Clinical message: Drowning cardiac arrest is primarily asphyxial. Ventilation is not optional. Rescuers — lay or professional — should be explicitly taught that rescue breathing is

essential in drowning. This is consistent with RCUK 2025 guidelines which specifically emphasise ventilation for drowning arrest.

PAEDS FRCEM

Chest Compression-Only vs Standard CPR in Adult OHCA: 230,000-Patient Meta-Analysis

JournalFeed EM SpeedRead • Hasanvand et al. Am J Med. 2026 Mar 10. PMID 41819400

Meta-analysis of RCTs and observational cohorts (>230,000 adult OHCA patients) comparing CCO CPR vs standard CPR (including rescue breaths) for adult cardiac arrest of presumed cardiac aetiology. Similar survival and neurological outcomes with CCO CPR — supporting its continued role as an effective bystander intervention that lowers the threshold for lay-rescuer action. Read alongside the drowning study above: the general rule holds for adult cardiac arrest but emphatically does not apply to asphyxial or paediatric drowning arrest.

PAEDS

DFTB: Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease vs Eczema Coxsackium — The Clinical Distinction That Matters

Don't Forget the Bubbles • 14 April 2026 • dontforgetthebubbles.com/hand-foot-and-mouth/

Spring is HFMD season. DFTB distinguishes classic HFMD (Coxsackie A16/EV71; predictable distribution; self-limiting) from Eczema Coxsackium (atypical HFMD affecting areas of compromised skin barrier in atopic children; can appear dramatically alarming but child is systemically well). Key differentiating features include the distribution (eczema-affected skin vs classic palmar-plantar-oral), and the systemic status of the child.

Red flags that should prompt further assessment: fever with altered behaviour, signs of secondary bacterial infection, blistering extending to face or trunk in a toxic-looking child, or features suggesting eczema herpeticum (punched-out lesions, clustered vesicles). Topical steroids are not recommended acutely for blistered HFMD/EC lesions.

FOAMED & CRITICAL APPRAISAL

FRCEM

EMCrit Wee: You Don't Understand Dizziness — HINTS Misapplication and STANDING-M

EMCrit • 9 April 2026 • emcrit.org/emcrit/titrate-vertigo/

A chart review found 96.9% of patients who received HINTS examination in one ED did not actually meet criteria (documented nystagmus or continuous — not intermittent — dizziness required). Weingart introduces STANDING-M as a validated protocol with sensitivity 88.2% and specificity 91.6% for central cause, and the Sudbury Risk Score (sensitivity 100% at cut-point <5 for ruling out central aetiology, specificity 72%). HINTS is a powerful test in the right patient; STANDING-M is a practical alternative that improves population-level assessment. 48% of patients in the STANDING-M study still received CT — an ongoing QI target.

FRCEM UK

SGEM#507: First GRADE-Based ED Delirium Guidelines — 4AT Endorsed

SGEM • 11 April 2026 • thesgem.com • Lee et al. Acad Emerg Med. Feb 2026

The first GRADE-based CPG for ED delirium management (GED 2.0 initiative) makes six conditional recommendations, all based on very low certainty evidence. Key practical points: the 2-step approach using DTS (LUNCH backwards + RASS ≠0) then bCAM is formally endorsed; the 4AT (developed in the UK) is endorsed as an internationally applicable single-step alternative. Crucially, insufficient evidence exists to recommend routine head CT in undifferentiated delirium/AMS. Delirium is underdiagnosed in 60–70% of ED cases; this guideline formalises a structured screening approach.

UK

St Emlyn's: UK Physician-Based HEMS — Progress, Patchwork, or Postcode Lottery?

St Emlyn's Blog • 22 March 2026 • stemlynsblog.org • Macdonald et al. EMJ 2026 (national survey, all 21 UK HEMS)

100% response rate from all 21 UK HEMS services. Physician-based teams increased from 11 to 30 between 2009 and 2024; services with consistent 24/7 physician coverage increased from 1 (5.9%) to 11 (52.4%). Blood transfusion available from 19/21 services; REBOA from only 1/21. Geographic inequity persists: East of England best served; Northern Ireland, South West and Northern England least. Only 1 service is fully government-funded; the rest depend wholly or partly on charity fundraising. An essential read for anyone involved in HEMS governance, commissioning, or advocacy.

OPTION Trial (REBEL EM): Late-Window Tenecteplase in Non-LVO Stroke — A Signal, Not a Practice Change

REBEL EM • 9 April 2026 • rebelem.com • Ma et al. JAMA. 2026. PMID 41642827

Chinese RCT (n=566, 48 centres) randomising CTP-selected non-LVO ischaemic stroke patients presenting 4.5–24 hours post-onset to tenecteplase 0.25 mg/kg vs standard care. mRS 0–1 at 90 days: 43.6% vs 34.2% (RR 1.28, NNT ~11) — but sICH occurred in 2.8% vs 0% (NNH ~35) and the fragility index is only 4. Single-country trial; CT perfusion required; NNT/NNH ratio demands careful patient selection. This is a practice-informing signal, not yet practice-changing — awaiting international replication and NICE review.

QUICK HITS / ALSO NOTABLE

SAFETY UKHSA Legionnaires' Cluster — NW and SW London. 8 confirmed cases sharing identical bacterial sequence; 13 under urgent investigation. Enhanced respiratory screening protocols active in affected hospitals. For any severe CAP presenting from NW/SW London: include urinary antigen test for Legionella pneumophila. Source: UKHSA

SAFETY UKHSA Measles National Guidelines v7 (updated 2 April). Incorporates MMRV vaccine; revised outbreak management priorities and case-finding guidance. Measles cases rising in England; notify all suspected cases to local HPT. Source: gov.uk/national-measles-guidelines

SAFETY MHRA: Bonree Medical GenCath Open Suction Catheter FSN. Field Safety Notice for this airway suctioning device used in EDs and ICUs. Check affected lot numbers and required actions. Source: MHRA FSNs 6–10 April 2026

SAFETY MHRA: Boston Scientific ACCOLADE Pacemaker FSN (4 letters). Multi-letter FSN for MRI-conditional pacemaker. Pacemaker-dependent patients may present with device-related arrhythmia or syncope. Check affected devices. Source: MHRA FSNs 30 March–3 April 2026

TOE-Guided CPR (EXECT-CPR Trial, St Emlyn's). Cluster-RCT (n=132) of TOE-guided vs standard CPR in OHCA in hospital. Primary outcome (sustained ROSC): 44% vs 39% — non-significant. Interesting ETCO⊂2; signal but underpowered and stopped early. Not ready for practice change; interesting physiology. Source: St Emlyn's

Community EM: Senior Decision-Making for Head Injuries (EMJ/Resus Room). Service evaluation showing senior ED clinician deployed to community head injury patients can safely reduce conveyance without missing significant pathology. Relevant to ICP and NHS 111 hear-and-treat pathways. Source: The Resus Room, Papers of April 2026

Pericardiocentesis + Intrapericardial TXA in Penetrating Tamponade (St Emlyn's). Prospective case series from Gaza (n=25; 96% survival to discharge). Challenges surgical dogma that traumatic haemopericardium blood is too clotted to aspirate. Intrapericardial TXA is a novel concept with potential in resource-limited or austere PHEM environments. Source: St Emlyn's

Lung Ultrasound for ARDS: SR/MA (JournalFeed POCUS). Meta-analysis of 14 studies (531 ARDS-positive, 1354 negative) demonstrates excellent diagnostic accuracy of LUS for ARDS in critically ill adults. May reduce reliance on CT for ARDS diagnosis. Source: Ji et al. Med Ultrason. 2026 Mar. PMID 41562216

RCEM + NHS England on Corridor Care. Official corridor care definition now active (≥45 minutes in clinically inappropriate area). Trust data from May 2026. RCEM remains emphatic: the 40 new UTCs/SDECs target the wrong end of the problem. The “back door” discharge pathway is what fills corridors. Source: RCEM 12 April 2026 • NHS England 13 April 2026

ACTION POINTS

ActionEvidencePriority
If managing intermediate-risk PE requiring thrombolysis: give it peripherally (IV), not via catheterSTRATIFY + STORM-PE RCTs 2026High
For paediatric drowning cardiac arrest: ensure rescue breaths are given (CCO CPR is insufficient)Obara et al. Resuscitation 2026; PMID 41819340High

Communicate timely Sepsis 6 bundle adherence to your team: antibiotics within 1h drives home discharge

Prescott et al. Chest 2026; PMID 41833809

Medium

For acute SCI: default to MAP 65–70 mmHg; discuss augmented targets explicitly with spinal/neurosurgery

Sajdeya et al. JAMA Netw Open 2025; PMID 40965887

Medium

Apply NIPPV (not HFNC or facemask alone) for preoxygenation in hypoxaemic patients prior to intubation if available

Pitre et al. Lancet Respir Med 2025; PMID 40127663

Medium

Check MHRA FSNs for Bonree GenCath suction catheter and ACCOLADE pacemaker; verify your department stock

MHRA FSNs 6–10 April + 30 March–3 April 2026

High

ActionEvidencePriority
Severe CAP in NW/SW London: add urinary antigen testing for Legionella until cluster resolvedUKHSA Legionnaires' alert April 2026High (regional)

Review your department's HINTS practice: confirm only patients with continuous spontaneous nystagmus and continuous dizziness are assessed with HINTS; consider STANDING-M training

EMCrit Wee, 9 April 2026

Medium

CORE REVISION: VENOUS BLOOD GAS INTERPRETATION

A focused clinical revision summary for the EM practitioner and FRCEM candidate. FRCEM

1.The VBG is clinically adequate for most ED decisions. A peripheral venous blood gas provides reliable pH and bicarbonate values for the assessment of acid-base status. Venous pH is approximately 0.03–0.05 units lower than arterial. Bicarbonate is virtually identical (difference <2 mmol/L). For most patients — including those with DKA, sepsis, metabolic alkalosis, and non-respiratory critical illness — the VBG is sufficient and the arterial line can be avoided.
2.Venous CO⊂2; does not equal arterial CO⊂2;. Venous pCO⊂2; is consistently 4–6 mmHg higher than arterial, with wide variability. A normal venous pCO⊂2; makes significant arterial hypercapnia very unlikely (negative predictive value ~100% for PaCO⊂2; >50 mmHg when PvCO⊂2; ≤45 mmHg). However, an elevated venous pCO⊂2; does not reliably predict arterial hypercapnia. The rule: use VBG to rule out hypercapnia; use ABG to rule it in.
3.Lactate: not a measure of tissue hypoxia alone. Type A lactic acidosis results from tissue hypoperfusion (shock, cardiac arrest, respiratory failure). Type B lactic acidosis occurs without hypoperfusion — causes include metformin toxicity, thiamine deficiency, liver failure, B12 deficiency, seizure activity, and certain malignancies. A rising lactate despite apparent haemodynamic stability should prompt a Type B screen. Lactate clearance (>10% per hour) is a valid resuscitation endpoint and predicts improved outcomes better than normalisation alone.
4.Henderson-Hasselbalch at the bedside. pH = 6.1 + log([HCO⊂3;–] / [0.0307 × PaCO⊂2;]). In practice: a rising pCO⊂2; acidifies (respiratory acidosis); a falling HCO⊂3;– acidifies (metabolic acidosis). Compensation: for each 1 mmol/L fall in HCO⊂3;–, pCO⊂2; should fall by 1.2 mmHg (Winter's formula: expected pCO⊂2; =

[1.5 × HCO⊂3;–] + 8 ± 2). A pCO⊂2; lower than expected = additional respiratory alkalosis; higher than expected = additional respiratory acidosis or failure of compensation.

5.Anion gap: do it every time, correct for albumin. AG = Na&sup+; – (Cl– + HCO⊂3;–); normal 8–12 mEq/L. For every 10 g/L fall in albumin below 40, the AG falls by 2.5 — in critically ill patients, failure to correct will miss a raised AG. A raised AG + metabolic acidosis = MUDPILES (Methanol, Uraemia, DKA, Propylene glycol, Isoniazid, Lactic acidosis, Ethylene glycol, Salicylates). Always calculate the delta-delta: (AG – 12) / (24 – HCO⊂3;–) — a ratio <0.4 suggests a concurrent non-AG acidosis.
6.When you absolutely need an ABG. In respiratory failure when you need to know the exact PaO⊂2; for oxygenation management or ventilator titration. When venous pCO⊂2; is elevated and you need to confirm arterial hypercapnia (e.g. suspected type 2 respiratory failure in COPD). When the clinical context requires precise oxygen parameters (e.g. titrated oxygen therapy in suspected CO poisoning, interpretation of P/F ratio for ARDS diagnosis).
7.

Common pitfalls to avoid. Air bubbles in the syringe lower pCO⊂2; and raise PO⊂2;. A warm tourniquet or prolonged sample transport raises lactate. Using arterial normal ranges for venous CO⊂2; will misclassify normal. Interpreting pH without checking compensation. Forgetting that SpO⊂2; is normal in MetHb toxicity and CO poisoning — check PO⊂2; directly.

Clinical pearl: In a hypotensive septic patient with a VBG showing pH 7.25, HCO⊂3;– 14, and pCO⊂2; 38 — the pCO⊂2; is too high. Winter's formula expects pCO⊂2; of 29–33. The elevated pCO⊂2; signals either an additional respiratory acidosis (fatigue, compromised ventilation) or impending respiratory failure. This is the patient who needs early senior airway assessment — not just aggressive fluid resuscitation.

FRCEM exam tip: Expect ABG/VBG interpretation to appear in SBA stems requiring you to identify the primary disorder, comment on compensation, and recognise a mixed picture. Know Winter's formula, the anion gap, delta-delta, and when the VBG is sufficient vs when an ABG adds information. A common question format: patient with COPD + sepsis; ABG shows pH 7.32, pCO⊂2; 58, HCO⊂3;– 30 — identify the mixed chronic respiratory acidosis + metabolic alkalosis.

Key resources: LITFL: VBG vs ABG | EMCrit IBCC: ABG Interpretation | Deranged Physiology: Acid-Base

TRIALS TO WATCH

HSSIB Report 2 of 2 (MH Crisis in EDs) — Full investigation covering service configuration, resourcing, and long-term reform. Due summer 2026. Expected to drive major policy change.

NICE NG51 Sepsis Guideline Update — NICE has announced its 2026–27 strategic priorities include the sepsis guideline. Update expected to incorporate Hour-1 bundle evidence including the Prescott et al. Chest 2026 data reviewed above.

OPTION Trial International Replication — Late-window tenecteplase (4.5–24h) for non-LVO stroke. The Chinese signal needs multicentre international validation before UK adoption. Watch for NICE assessment announcement.

NHS England Corridor Care Trust-Level Data — First publication due May 2026 using the new official corridor care definition. Will provide the first formal quantification of corridor care prevalence by trust.

LEGEND Troponin LoD Strategy — UK Pathway Update — The LEGEND trial (hs-troponin limit-of-detection strategy reducing ED LOS by 3.6h) is awaiting NICE and RCEM pathway signal for UK adoption. Monitor for Q3 2026 update.

SOURCES CHECKED THIS ISSUE JournalFeed (EM SpeedRead + POCUS SpeedRead) • EMCrit + PulmCrit • The Resus Room • SGEM • The Bottom Line

Jake Turner

Curated with the assistance of AI (Perplexity). All content editorially reviewed.

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